THE DILEMMA OF SAFER AND FREER TRADE: THE CASE OF THE U.S. NURSERY INDUSTRY

Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade,

Trade and Investment: Opportunities and Constraints between the United States and South Korea

International Relations/Trade,

Observation of Infrared and Radio Lines of Molecules toward GL2591 and Comparison to Physical and Chemical Models

We have observed rovibrational transitions of acetylene and HCN near 13 microns in absorption toward GL2591. We also observed rotational lines of CS, HCN, H2CO, and HCO+. The combined data are analyzed in terms of models with a cloud envelope with density gradients and discrete regions of hot, dense gas, probably near the infrared source. The abundance of HCN is enhanced by a factor of 400 in the gas producing the infrared absorption, in agreement with chemical models which involve depletion of molecules onto grains and subsequent sublimation when temperatures are raised.Comment: 34 pages, postscript with 14 postscript figure files, uuencoded compressed and tar'ed; unpacks self with csh. In case of problems, contact [email protected]

Dirac and non-Dirac conditions in the 2-potential theory of magnetic charge

We investigate the Cabbibo-Ferrari, two potential approach to magnetic charge coupled to two different complex scalar fields, $\Phi_1$ and $\Phi_2$, each having different electric and magnetic charges. The scalar field, $\Phi_1$, is assumed to have a spontaneous symmetry breaking self interaction potential which gives a mass to the "magnetic" gauge potential and "magnetic" photon, while the other "electric" gauge potential and "electric" photon remain massless. The magnetic photon is hidden until one reaches energies of the order of the magnetic photon rest mass. The second scalar field, $\Phi _2$, is required in order to make the theory non-trivial. With only one field one can always use a duality rotation to rotate away either the electric or magnetic charge, and thus decouple either the associated electric or magnetic photon. In analyzing this system of two scalar fields in the Cabbibo-Ferrari approach we perform several duality and gauge transformations, which require introducing non-Dirac conditions on the initial electric and magnetic charges. We also find that due to the symmetry breaking the usual Dirac condition is altered to include the mass of the magnetic photon. We discuss the implications of these various conditions on the charges.Comment: revtex 9 pages, 1 figure, to be published EPJ

Coping with Poorly Understood Domains: the Example of Internet Trust

The notion of trust, as required for secure operations over the Internet, is important for ascertaining the source of received messages. How can we measure the degree of trust in authenticating the source? Knowledge in the domain is not established, so knowledge engineering becomes knowledge generation rather than mere acquisition. Special techniques are required, and special features of KBS software become more important than in conventional domains. This paper generalizes from experience with Internet trust to discuss some techniques and software features that are important for poorly understood domains

Grower Perspectives on the Potential Impact of Expanded International Trade of Selected Plants in the U.S. Nursery Industry

Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade,

Aliens en route : European transmigration through Britain, 1836-1914

This thesis discusses the agencies, transport systems, and infrastructure that enabled more than 3.15 million Europeans to emigrate to the United States, Canada, and South Africa through Britain between 1836 and 1914. Rather than travelling directly from the European mainland, these transmigrants broke their journeys by travelling to Britain where they boarded another vessel that conveyed them across the Atlantic. The control that Britain exerted over both the short-sea and long-haul passenger routes thus involved was as important to British maritime commerce as similar controls over freight or direct long-haul passenger routes to the far-flung corners of the British Empire. However the crucial significance of the transmigrant business to the British merchant marine has been largely overlooked in recent historiography, and it is this lacuna that the present dissertation seeks to redress.The study is split into three sections. The first part quantifies the patterns of the transmigrant business, answering questions such as: what were the origins of the migrants and what routes did they use to reach Britain? When did they come? Where in Britain did they land, where were they bound, and where did they re-embark? Having charted these issues, the thesis turns in the second section to investigate how the transmigrant business developed and evolved, paying particular attention to the factors that conditioned the market throughout the 78 year period. Finally, the thesis examines the significance of the transmigrant business to British ports serving as conduits for the passenger movement, to the companies involved in transporting the aliens, and to the migrants themselves.By exploring these issues this thesis has made a significant contribution to migrant and maritime historiography in the following ways. First, it has broadened the chronological and geographical focus of migrancy back from the 1880s to the 1830s and stressed Scandinavian as well as Central/East European movements. Second, it has demonstrated how European transmigrants were as important to British shipping companies as were British emigrants seeking to settle in Britain's overseas dominions. Third, immigration to Britain has been incorrectly conceptualised because historians and social commentators fail to take account of the onward movement of aliens arriving in Britain and assume instead that most were permanent settlers. Fourth, the primacy of Britain's maritime links to the United States was more important for the passenger business than has been previously acknowledged.Finally, this study disproves theories by immigrant historians that centres of alien settlement across Northern Britain arose because they were situated along the transmigrant corridor between the Humber and Mersey. In reality many of the trains carrying transmigrants never passed through the towns and cities where large-scale immigration took place. By combining a mixture of global, national and local studies, and a longer chronology, this thesis offers an important intersection of transport and maritime studies that shows how transmigration has been under appreciated by both maritime and migrants historians alike